Short Story - 853 Words

Normally Matt never likes tampering his mothers free will, but with each passing month, something deep within him is clouding his mind. Well mom, I been thinking. What youre planing to do with your pregnancy next year, can you make it larger? Like...making your previous plans thin by comparison? Margaret no longer thinking logically and smile. My original plans was to make it thirty times larger than Emilys pregnancy. Now you want me to push my next pregnancy thirty-times larger than what I offered? She laugh by Matts request. Sure, I can do that, but are you sure about this dear? She asks. Matt grin at his mother. Yeah, Im sure mom. Goodness, my stomachs going to be crowded with babies next year. Margaret told Matt.†¦show more content†¦Of course, dear. Ill do anything to pleases you. Can you suck my cock, in away thats ummm. Matt half-way said and his mother stroke his cock. Let me guess, dear. You want me to shove the entire length of your cock down my throat, making me gag, to a point I can hardly breathe. Correct? She asks. Matt nod his head in glee. Yeah, but dont pull out. Keep it down your throat, until I cum. Can you do that, mom? Margaret use her tongue to lick the side of his shaft. Yes dear. I can do that for you. She said. Then without warning, Matt firmly grab his mothers head and slam his cock in her mouth. Ugh, that feels so good slut. Matt can feel his mothers tongue swirling around his cock and the sound of slurping only makes it more enticing. God mom, you have such a tight throat. Shove it deeper, slut! Margaret couldnt reply and starts to choke. Margaret eyes went wide, as Matt shove even deeper into the void of her empty pipe. He smile to see her throat swell up by his pole from within. Oh god, Im going to cum soon! Suck out all the protein-shake and feed our kids, mom. Margaret relax her muscle, as Matt ejaculate down her wind-pip. Satisfied, he quickly pull out and splatter the remaining load on his mothers face. It has taken a few minutes before Margaret regain her voice. Matt, try not to damage my throat next time. She wipe herShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

A Study on Interpersonal Relationships - 798 Words

Introduction The aim of the present research is to provide a link between the impact of significant others on self and how they affect interpersonal behavior even when they are below conscious awareness. In the study of Baldwin, Carrell and Lopez (1990), they argued that the way people experience self is highly dependent other people. People engage in many thoughts about others’ perception of themselves. Accordingly, how one evaluates himself or herself depends on how his or her significant other is probably evaluating them. In the study, they investigated subconscious priming of disapproval by significant others, and showed the effects on participants’ evaluations regarding self-related aspects, they found a consistency of facial expression and participants’ judgment when significant other (compared to unfamiliar other) is primed. The idea of relational self is therefore developed (Andersen Chen 2002; Andersen Saribay, 2005; Andersen Thorpe 2009). In those studies, according to the relational self hypothesis, the experienced self concept and activated evaluations are impacted by the significant other who is part of the specific relational self. Therefore when a significant other is present, or when he or she is reminded via transference, personal characteristics that come to mind and become active will more likely to be in similar valence with that significant other. It is also found that what kind of a self (either dreaded or desired) will be experienced might alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Interpersonal Trust And The Success Of Relationships Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesOnly a limited amount of knowledge about the creation of interpersonal trust and emotive feelings is available due to the lack of research studies that have emphasized the correlational relationship. To gain a thorough und erstanding of the influence that interpersonal trust serves in the success of relationships, it is of high importance to conduct a study that will explain this relationship. The present study consisted of 494 individuals at a large Mid-Western University, whom were friends and associatesRead MoreCommunication Skills And Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills Effect Adolescent s Social Self Efficacy988 Words   |  4 Pagesskills and interpersonal problem solving skills effect adolescent’s social self-efficacy, the belief in one’s own abilities. Before the study begins, Erozkan defines how communication, interpersonal relationships, and self-efficacy relate. Communication is a crucial element in forming long-lasting interpersonal relationships, which is an important aspect in adolescents developing positive self-efficacy (Erozkan, 2013). 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PositiveRead MoreThe Importance of Interpersonal Communication1186 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Interpersonal Communication for Startup Business in TANRI ABENG UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- English for Academic Purpose Naimy Zam Zam / Corporate Communication / 13.013 Abstract This research proposal contains the analysis about interpersonal communication in startup business The Impact of Interpersonal Communication in Startup Businesses Introduction These days, there are so many startupRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Young Adult Individuals Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesplanning to study individuals who use Snapchat app as their way to fame, in order to answer this research question why some Snapchatters are famous and have a huge number of followers regardless of what kind of contact they provide to their audience. In this paper the writer will scrutinized the following article â€Å"Snapchat is More Personal: An Exploratory Study on Snapchat Behaviors and Young Adult Interpersonal Relationships†, to understand how Snapchat influences the relationships of young adultRead MoreThe Psychological Needs Of A Social Network Service1512 Words   |  7 Pagesisolation and interpersonal neglect. Interpersonal neglect on Facebook, such as friend rejection and being ignored by other users, has been shown to negatively affect the four basic human psychological needs. These four psychological needs include one’s need to maintain high self-esteem, one’s need to have personal control over social relationship, one’s need to be recognized by others, and one’s need to have a sense of belonging. This article examined the impact of interpersonal neglect, suchRead MoreA Research Study On Alcohol Abuse836 Words   |  4 PagesIn the proposed study, analyzes of several potential distal and proximal determinants of 8th and 10th graders’ alcohol abuse would be conducted using a nationally representative sample from the Monitoring the Future study to understand its pathways. It is expected that Bandura’s concept of â€Å"reciprocal determinism† related to Social Learning Theory (1978) and Life Course Theory (Elder, 1998) as developmental theory will help explain that victimization (a risk factor) as a direct or indirect predictorRead MoreA Stress And Coping Theory Proposed That Stress From Social And Environmental Factors1308 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors underlie how detrimental romantic relationships can be on young female’s mental health (Brooks-Gunn Warren, 1989). This suggests that females maturing earlier than males, are genetically pre-disposed to be vulnerable to stress during this period. Research has found that females carrying a specific short allele are genetically predisposed to depression, following stress-related incidences. This is because the short allele is sensitive to interpersonal stressors that result from romantic conflictRead MoreInterpersonal Communication : Social Exchange Theory1581 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Communication: Social Exchange Theory Interpersonal communication can be described as communication that occurs between two or more individuals. While communication can be either verbal, nonverbal, or written, interpersonal communication is more commonly practiced through face to face, verbal communication (Burton, 2011). The interpersonal communication process begins with a â€Å"sender†, which is the person that is communicating a message to another person. The â€Å"receiver† is the personRead MoreThe Case For People With Low Self Esteem Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Given that people derive great satisfaction from interpersonal bonds and experience devastation when intimate relationships end, it may be hard to understand why some people voluntarily withdraw from relationships when things appear to be going well (Mearns, 1991). Research has shown that this is the case for people with low self-esteem (LSE) (Murray, MacDonald, Ellsworth, 1998). Partly stemming from their overwhelming craving for love and acceptance, they are vigilant for signs of

Comparative Advantage and Openness to Trade free essay sample

The openness to trade is the key for economy of country to successfully grow along with the world’s economy. Globalisation is driven by new ideology, concepts and theories creating positive impact on efficiency through innovation, invention in technology and mass production. In modern globalised economy the theory of comparative advantage introduced by David Ricardo can be relative but needs to consider all other factors and concept. Comparative advantage theory suggests it is beneficial to trade and encourages countries to trade between each other. Even though one country is more efficient at producing all goods than other country trade can be beneficial for both countries. (Hill, 2011, 61-88) has described comparative advantage as ‘the theory that countries should specialise in the production of goods and services they can produce relatively more efficiently’. This may seem irrelevant today as the theory is based on number of unrealistic assumptions. This theory ignores the fact that each country does not have a fixed endowment of resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage and Openness to Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In any process of producing and manufacturing goods and products there is an opportunity cost involved. Hubbard, 2010, 582-604 explains that the ability of an individual, firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers or manufacturers gives them comparative advantage. There is also an example tied to this explanation. Suppose there is two individual firm or country growing and picking two types of fruits apple and cherries. One firm or country (A) is more productive and effective at producing both fruits. Does this means country (A) should produce both fruits and sell both apples and cherries to country (B). But the opportunity cost for growing apple is very high for country (A) as it particularly efficient at growing cherries. All the resources spend to growing apple is taken away from growing cherries. So country (A) can grow cherries at much lower opportunity cost which gives country (A) a comparative advantage at growing cherries. Country (B) can grow apples at lower opportunity cost than country (A) giving country (B) a comparative advantage at growing apples. So both countries are better of specialising in growing one fruit, country (A) growing more cherries and less of apple and country (B) growing more of apples and less of cherries. Then the country can trade cherries for apple. By specialising in one particular fruit both country can increase number of units grown. Following comparative theory will bring more goods in the world market. (Sorin, B 2012) believe the principle of comparative advantages is ever more closely connected to countries. As international trading grows, countries productiveness is also increasing with the consumers and demands. With innovations in technology and infrastructure the industries are more efficient than ever and able to have access to bigger market than ever. Obviously in the example above, country (A) will dominate other country with absolute advantage in both fruits. Which means countries would not be interested in trade and would be happy to produce both fruits in their own country. That means produce goods between countries is not maximised. Therefore an absolute advantage theory can lead to mercantilism behaviour. Although such a simple model may seem inconclusive to say that it creates universal benefits does not explain the pattern of international trade. Appleyard, 2010, 29-40 The classic theory does not offer a satisfactory explanation of why production condition differ between countries. Never the less Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage has certainly showed the benefits for countries to trade. But capability of a country to have comparative advantages can entirely depend on lot of factors. Climate and natural resources is foremost the major key to for a country to have. Availability of natural resources in the nation gives you great advantage. For example, Saudi Arabia has a comparative advantage in the production of oil and Australia has comparative advantage in production of natural gas and minerals (Hubbard, 2010, 582-604). And both countries are capitalising on this advantage and boosting the economy of their country. However to take advantage of these natural resources depend on other factors such as availability of technology, labour capability, capital and such. So make use of countries productivity, efficiency and marketing power, there also needs to be investment, bigger market place and other initiatives for countries to trade. The political structure and government of the country plays the pivotal part on the economy of the country. The move to openness and free trade has escalated many arguments around the world. Push to free trade creates both benefits and costs to the countries. (Page, W 2012, 8-9) The realities of global trade in the 21st century create both opportunities and disadvantages. And Australia faces the similar ordeal where it wants to reduce protection in agriculture industry and export by producing and growing on mass level. But on their hand Australia is protecting its car manufacturing industry by subsiding. Clearly Australia having high labour cost is one of the reasons for not having competitive price in the car manufacturing industry. Australia has sustained growth in the economy through acceptance and push toward liberalization. Australian economy with comparative advantage in natural gas and natural minerals is greatly benefiting from openness to trade. The mining industry in Australia has been great beneficial to the economy as records shows the mining boom in the past decade has created employments from 78,400 in 2001 to around 210,000. But in perspective, Australia has population of more than 22 million. Australia has done exceptionally well in mining industry and of this transpire due to globalisation and the concept liberalization in trade. But there is also a growing argument that growth in the mining industry has negative impact on other industry such as agriculture and tourism. So it can easily be seen globalisation is great for the economy but the greater openness to trade can also have negative impact, costing the economy. Modern ideology and transnational corporation has proved to push protectionism away (Boltho, A 1996, 247), although it has not completely erased. There are still evidence countries implementing number of policies and regulation in some industries to protect from foreign market. The reason of such action is free trade have negative aspects that countries want to avoid. Through openness to trade also identifies the weakness in the economy of the country. It exposes local business, undeveloped and volatile industry to the international market. Free trade definitely brings great competition in the market and local business will have rivalry on international level. The local business will have to compete with quality and price of the international goods and products. This is one of the reasons for Australian retail, manufacturing business to struggle as it is impossible to compete with cheap imports.

Knowledge Check free essay sample

Concept: Purposes and Types of Definitions Materials on the concept: Purposes of Definitions Defining Terms Kinds of Definitions Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing Top of Form 1 . What type of definition is used to introduce an unusual or unfamiliar word, to coin new words, or to introduce a new meaning too familiar word? A. Stipulated definition B. Prà ©cising definition C. Explanatory definition D. Persuasive definition Bottom of Form Correct: Definitions used for the purpose of explicitly spelling out the meaning of a previously unknown word are stipulated, by definition. In other words, When we use the word X, what we mean is Y. Materials 2. What technique of defining terms is used to reduce vagueness and eliminate ambiguity? A. Definition by synonym B. Explanatory definition C. Persuasive definition D. Prà ©cising definition Correct: In this case, it is merely a matter of tightening up a definition to relieve confusion, using more exact words or phrasing to make it more precise. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Check or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. What type of definition points to, names, or identifies one or more instances of something to which the defined term applies? A.Explanatory definition B. Definition by synonym C. Definition by example D. Analytical definition Correct: Sometimes the quickest way to give a definition of a group of things is to show what one looks like. 4. What type of definition gives another word or phrase that means the same thing as the term being defined? A. Explanatory definition D. Definition by synonym Correct: If you know the meaning of a word similar to the one you want to know, then using that synonym is a good starting point (with some modification) to understanding the new word. 5.What type of definition first specifies the type of thing the term applies to, and then ivies the differences between the thing the term applies to and other things of the same type? A. Prà ©cising definition B. Stipulated definition C. Analytical definition D. Explanatory definition Correct: Analytic definitions are the most authoritative and precise way to convey the meaning of a word. They often involve giving a related term, then showing the differences. Concept: Hints for Planning and Writing an Argumentative Essay Mastery Recap Writing Argumentative Essays Good Writing Practices 6.Which hint for planning and writing an argumentative essay is described in the following statement? Make clear at the outset what issue you intend to address and what your position on the issue will be. A. Stick to the issue B. Logical sequencing C. Focus Correct: Clearly revealing the issue you are discussing right from the start tells readers what to look for; it helps them focus on what you are talking about. 7. Which hint for planning and writing an argumentative essay is described in the following statement? All points you make in an essay should be connected to the issue under discussion. A. Stick to the issue D. Be complete Correct: Dont include extraneous material in your essay. If you have a pressing need to say something that is off the topic, then write it in a new essay. ) 8. Which hint for planning and writing an argumentative essay is described in the following statement? Make a point before clarifying it and make sure your reader can discern the relationship between any given sentence and your ultimate goal. A. Stick to the issue Correct: Arrange the components of your essay in a logical sequence that your readers will be able to follow. 9.Which hint for planning and writing an argumentative essay is described in the following statement? Support fully and adequately whatever position you take on an issue. A. Stick to the issue Correct: Anticipate possible objections to your position and address them. In that way, you automatically cover the issue more thoroughly. Concept: Vagueness in Writing Exercise 3-1 Exercise 3-2 Vague Generalities Vagueness 10. How would you assess the vagueness of the following statement? Please do not make any more late-night phone calls. A. Vague in itself B. Vague comparison C.No vagueness Correct: Late-night may not have a precise definition, but its clear enough to say hat there is no real vagueness in the statement. 1 1 . How would you assess the vagueness of the following statement? Whiskey is no worse for you than beer. A. Vague in itself Correct: If the comparison refers to the total alcohol in one shot of whiskey with one whole bottle of beer, it may be true (but if that is what is meant, such details ought to be provided). If other claims are implied, such as potential for abuse, or relative rates of absorption, the claim requires more information. 2. How would you assess the vagueness of the following statement? This warranty comes void if the owner uses the hammer improperly. A. Vague in itself Correct: Given that a hammer is an object made to hit things with, improperly needs a more precise definition. Does it refer to propping up a car with the hammer? Or, is it improper if you try pounding nails into concrete walls? Concept: Ambiguity in Writing Semantic Ambiguity Additional Exercises Ambiguity Syntactic Ambiguity Grouping Ambiguity Exercise 3-4 13. Which type of ambiguity is defined by the following? A claim whose ambiguity is due to the ambiguity off particular word or phrase. A. Grouping ambiguity B. Semantic ambiguity C. Syntactic ambiguity D. No ambiguity Correct: Semantics has to do with the meanings of words; therefore, when the meaning is in question, the ambiguity is semantic. 14. Which type of ambiguity is defined by the following? A claim whose ambiguity is due too problem with its structure. A. Semantic ambiguity B. Syntactic ambiguity C. Grouping ambiguity Correct: Syntax has to do with the structure of the sentence, not the content. Some subject.For example, She saw the person with binoculars could mean She saw (the arson who has binoculars around his neck) or She saw the person (by looking through her binoculars). 15. Which type of ambiguity is defined by the following? A claim whose ambiguity rests on a confusion between a collection of entities or individual entities. A. Grouping ambiguity Correct: Grouping ambiguities are a type of semantic ambiguity that involves an uncertain interpretation of whether a group is collectively or individually being discussed. 16. Identify the type of ambiguity in the following statement . Our mothers bore us. A. Semantic ambiguity Correct: Bore has two meanings: to give birth; and to be dull and uninteresting. Mothers may be capable of doing both. 17. Identify the type of ambiguity in the following newspaper headline . Unskilled Workers Get a Shot at Jobs. A. Semantic ambiguity Correct: The semantics of the word shot are unclear. Does this mean a shot, as with vaccine in a syringe, or get a shot at as in the expression meaning to have an opportunity? 18. Identify the type of ambiguity in the following statement. Americans have shown themselves willing to drop nuclear weapons. A. Semantic ambiguity

Taming of the Shrew essays

Taming of the Shrew essays Within The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare unfolds a plot that uses the tools of silence and misinterpretation to satirize the roles of women and marriage during Elizabethan times. Ironically, it is Katherine who is labeled a shrew, yet she has very little actual voice within this play. On the other hand, while acting in a shrewish manner, Petruchio gives voice back to Katherine in exchange for her submission. The silence of Sly is important, as his presence buffers the seriousness of the concerns raised by the perspective of his character watching a play. This leads us to question: is it Katherine who is being tamed, or is it the audiences reaction that is being tamed? During the Elizabethan era, women were expected to conduct themselves according to strict social norms. A woman was only considered suitable for marriage if she were obedient, chaste and silent in manner. For a woman to step outside of this traditional role whether by voicing an opinion in contradiction to her husband, or in not obeying his instruction was to break social order and thereby be labeled a shrew. This behavior was considered the ultimate curse to a husband. It was acceptable custom for the perpetrating wife to be carted through town, publicly humiliated and cast out of their circle of friends and neighbors. According to the historical reference in the Oxford English Dictionary, the term shrew meant an endless chattering tongue, but also denoted an evil or disdainful nature. The term was typically applied to women. Shakespeare pokes fun at the formal restrictions on behavior of females in Elizabethan society and questions the benefits of marriage in this play, yet he does so in a removed fashion through the use of Slys character most likely so as to not to invoke contempt of the court. The audience is watching Sly watching a play. Shakespeare tells us ...

Why Your Health Has a Big Impact on Your Job Performance

Why Your Health Has a Big Impact on Your Job Performance According to research, there is a strong correlation between how well you do your job and your health. In fact, research suggests that certain lifestyle choices will determine just how much your productivity is reduced. The folks over at ZeroCater  Ã‚  have created an infographic, detailing just how much your productivity can be reduced by things like poor diet, lack of exercise, sleep deprivation, and more! Take a look below for more info on the numbers.  Source: RecruitLoop

History vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History vietnam war - Essay Example His sole aim was to free the country from the foreign occupation. His headquarters were in a cave in northern Vietnam. He gained popular support soon, and on 2-9-1945, he declared the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government named as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The French fought back, with determination to retain the territory. Ho was with the US in the initial stages for strategic reasons. He supplied intelligence input to them about the Japanese during World War II. He wanted the US support against the French. But to challenge and contain the spread of Communism was the main goal of the US, as part of its international policy. So Ho’s strategy to get aligned with US, did not work, as US feared about the Communist influence on Vietnam. It supported the French. It sent military aid to the France to defeat Ho in the year 1950. In 1954, the French suffered a massive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, and decided to pullout from the soil of Vietnam. The ceasefi re would follow the temporary division of Vietnam, amongst the communist and non-communist supporters. A general election would be held in 1956 to reunite the country and bring it under one government.

How Beyonce Marketing Herself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How Beyonce Marketing Herself - Essay Example They further involve themselves in different industries like from music to fashion industry and further to acting and production houses. One of the most applauded and highly regarded celebrities is Beyonce and her marketing tactics will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Beyonce has received 17 grammy awards that shows her fame in the show business. She markets herself by actively participating in different ventures like the HBO’s documentary Life is but a Dream where she appears with her husband and engages the viewers in her personal life. She further partners with leaders of other industries like Pepsi for a contract to appear in their print ads and commercials further making her constant viewership stronger and her album’s preview easily observable by the public through famous commercials (Davies, 2015). In addition, she uses live broadcasts, live performance in different concerts, talk shows and well-paid celebrity endorsement projects to increase her worth and viewership. Her social campaigns like â€Å"let’s move† and â€Å"pretty hurts† awaken the soft feelings and emotional ties with the socially sensitive people. She markets herself successfully by staying attached to the bigger names of the industry and remaining unique and updated to fascinate the viewers enhancing her image and celebrity worth (Prosthumus, 2015). Prosthumus, M. (2015).  What Marketeers Can Learn from Beyonce - Markante Media.Marug.nl. Retrieved 10 February 2015, from

Education and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Education and Poverty Essay How College Admissions Favor Wealthy Students Over Underprivileged Minorities The growing debate over whether college admissions are partial by overstressing standardized tests and GPA has become a very controversial topic in the realm of education. Numerous students argue that the admission process is unfair in placing a greater emphasis on certain stressed requirements, such as the ACT/SAT, while neglecting to examine the whole applicant. Those who argue against the admission policy believe that each student in the United States comes from a very diverse background, and each application should be looked into with intricacy, rather than regarding just their requirements. Although those requirements are generally what the admission people look for in what they perceive as a quality student, those who argue against it feel that it is best not to overlook a student who overcame tremendous adversity, but just may have needed a point or two to get admitted. The central argument against college admissions has to do with whether challenging life conditions outside of school, for a student who is economically disadvantaged, should be weighted more than the slightly higher grade of a student with a different socioeconomic background in college admissions. In some cases, high school students must work full-time in order to support their families. If a college had to choose between a student who did not need to support his or her family and got a 33 on his or her ACT, and another student with a 29 on their ACT who worked almost full-time to support a family, which would be more likely to get accepted into an Ivy League college if both students had the same 4.0 GPA, classes, and amount of important clubs, etc.? Odds are, the one with the higher ACT will get selected, and those who debate the issue feel that this is where it becomes inequitable. Students argue that working over thirty hours per week while taking the same challenging classes classes shows better work ethic than a student who has an extra thirty hours a week to study. There are a variety of refugees and immigrants who fled their homelands because of jobs, famines, wars, or particular life threatening circumstances, with very  little resources to bring with them. For this reason, it is very difficult for them to absorb the opportunities that well-settled students have. This includes private schooling, tutors, standardized test practices, etc. This gives domestic affluent students a better chance to succeed, due to better overall educational opportunities. The education at a private school is superior to that of a public school because of higher set standards and a very well disciplined system. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, author Eric Jensen exemplifies a chart indicating that family income correlates significantly with children’s academic success (10). For poor students, a negative correlation is drawn with absenteeism, the factor that most closely relates to dropout rate. For tests like the ACT and SAT, deprived minorities are at the disadvantage because English would be their second language. Some think that most colleges overlook several variables that determine a student’s mental capacity. That is why some educators debate that their needs to be more of a holistic approach because sometimes, a certain factor can stunt a student success, when they may have the abilities to become the next Einstein. The economic value of a particular place or education is how willing a family is to relocate to provide their childr en with higher education potential; this can be measured by the pricing of housing. Majority of migrant families do not have the ability to relocate and provide better education for their children, meaning that they have to accept being in poverty and not having a strong educational background (Paleso 3). The SAT has frequently been criticized for providing a cultural advantage for â€Å"wealthy whites.† In the website article, â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students,† Haleigh Collins states that tests like the ACT and SAT have been blamed for widening the achievement gap between whites and minorities. While the math section is objective, the critical reading section and writing section describe topics associated mostly with the white demographic. Often the passages are about subjects that white, upper class students are more exposed to. The verbal section favors white students by using language with which they are more familiar than non-white students. Collins also mentions that for 23 years Roy Freedle, a psyc hologist who works with ETS (the nonprofit â€Å"Educational Testing Service† that develops, administers, and scores standardized tests), has been working to prove that these emphasized ACT and SAT tests give  whites an unfair advantage. His studies show that minority scores significantly lag when compared to whites of equal economic status. As mentioned above, wealthier test takers benefit from being able to afford tutors that cost up to hundreds of dollars an hour to private college counselors; students with means and access to additional help can often bring their scores up significantly. For example, several students see a great increase in their scores after practicing these tests and taking them over and over. Just through coaching and exposure to the tests, they start seeing trends, which enable them to do a lot better. Students who can’t afford or don’t have access to this are at a huge disadvantage. Unfortunately, situations such as this occur often. John Overton High School student Amad Amedy, a full time worker and athlete with an ACT composite score of 29 and a 3.9 GPA, stated that he felt college admissions are crooked. He believed that a underprivileged student who works full time and is more active in after-school clubs and sports should be weighted equally, if not higher, than a student who has just decided to focus and do well in school only, especially if they are not that much more accomplished than the working, social student. He discussed that sometimes students get home late from work and do not have time to study because they need to sleep in order to wake up and take an important test in the morning. Amedy concluded by saying that a well-rounded student will use his extensive knowledge of various trades that he picked up from experience to get further than someone who just stays at home and studies, and that the social and vocational skills earned by working and engaging in extracurricular activities are as valuable as the intellect gained from studying textbooks and researching academic journals. Another John Overton High School student, Benjamin Demonbreun, who is an unemployed student, salutatorian, and National Merit Semifinalist, with a 33 composite on the ACT and a GPA of 4.0, strongly disagreed with Amedy. Ben believed that the standard requirements were a good way to determine who should be accepted into prestigious universities. He argued that students such as himself worked extremely hard, da y in and day out, in what they have needed to do, which is get exceptional grades. Alongside Benjamin, students contest that although they may have had a slightly greater advantage, it does not mean that students such as Amedy have worked harder than them or deserve it more, solely because they do a  few things outside of school. Ben discussed that he has never needed to support a family; school has always been his priority. He believes that emphasis on standardized tests and GPA should not be dismissed by any means because they are a huge determining factor for work ethic, knowledge, and college readiness. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, Jensen illustrates a few action steps such as more empathy towards the life of a migrant student (11). This better understanding may allow for a more lax curriculum that allows the student some wiggle room. Such steps are seen in MNPS with a new grading policy allowing retakes until students achieve mastery. A few universities have started to become familiar with this situation, due to growth in immigrant populations in the Un ited States. There have been some universities who have abandoned SAT and ACT scores as a means of selection. A growing amount of selective universities, predominantly Ivy League, are beginning to adopt a holistic admissions policy because the holistic approach is very thorough in evaluating the whole of the applicant, rather than reduce the applicant to a few pieces of empirical data, such as test scores and GPA. The holistic policy offers students a chance to show their accomplishments in several distinct ways, rather than only test scores and grade histories, giving people such as Amedy an opportunity to attend a high-status university and receive a wonderful education. With this policy we may see minorities provide a different perspective in different professions that help advance society and technology. Works Cited Amedy, Amad. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Collins, Haleigh. â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students†. PolicyMic. 12 September 2011. Web. 1 April 2014. Demonbreun, Benjamin. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Freedle, Roy. Interview. 1 April 2014. Jensen, Eric. Teaching With Poverty In Mind. 2009. EBook’s (10-11), Web. 8 April 2014. Polese, Mario. The Wealth And Poverty Of Regions: Why Cities Matter. 2009. EBook’s (3). Web. 13 April 2014.

Interview of Insurance Ad :: essays papers

Interview of Insurance Ad Interview of an Insurance Field Adjuster As I fumbled through radio stations, the unforgettable memories of a horn blaring, tires screeching, and turning just in time to see a truck smashing into my car came flooding back. Glass shattering, the airbag deploying, I had gasped for breath from the sudden impact. It is sad that most people will have to go through a car accident like this one at least once in their lifetime. Kathy Highland was the insurance adjuster from Shelter Insurance Company who was assigned to my case. Her professionalism, courtesy, and understanding changed this horror story into just another chapter in my life, a chapter which I am now able to look back upon as a valuable learning experience. The morning sun warmed the air that April day. It was Thursday around nine a.m. when I arrived at the Shelter Insurance building. I looked around Kathy's office noticing her diploma from the University of Oklahoma and a couple of certificates for the insurance company hanging on the wall. Directly behind her was a quotation in a small frame. It read, "When looking for the reason why things go wrong never rule out sheer stupidity." I asked Kathy what it meant to her. Kathy looked at me and said, "People come into my office thinking I have all the answers and I can give them everything they want." It is easy to see that Kathy's knowledge is what people desire. With her professionalism and courtesy she is able to ease the suffering of her clients and not compensate them more than the company is willing to. About that time the phone rang, and she picked it up and said, "Kathy Highland." She listened for a few seconds as she tapped her pen on the desk, and finally said, "What is the claim number." As if she had done this a million times, Kathy told the person on the phone to go ahead and extend the car rental and then hung up the phone. Clearly Kathy handles her work swiftly and methodically easing the anguish of the ordeal as easy as possible. As I asked Kathy, "Where does the claim process begin?" She started to explain to me the claim process from beginning to end. First the adjuster will call both parties involved in the accident. Kathy said, "This could be the fun part. Most of the time you get two different stories of the accident." Then the adjuster will go to the scene of the

Freedom and Slavery

The United States promotes that freedom is a right deserved by all humanity. Throughout the history of America the government has found ways to deprive selected people this right by race, gender, class and in other ways as well for its own benefit. This is a boundary of freedom. Boundaries of freedom outline who is able to enjoy their freedom and who isn’t. These people alter with time and as history unfolds. Slavery and the journey of their freedom was a big part of the foundation of the United States. At the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln’s goal was to restore the Union and planned on keeping slavery present in the states.African American’s journey to freedom and what freedom means was a long and turbulent one. With the British colonies being established in the New World, a source of cheap labor was needed. The Slave Trade was introduced into the colonies from Africa. Slaves were an important part of the success of this new economy being built. 7. 7 millio n African Americans were estimated to be transported to the New World between 1492 to 1820. They were treated like other goods and were sold through the triangular trade route across the Atlantic. Slavery had its advantages to Englishmen.They couldn’t claim the protections the English law offered, their time of work never ended and their children were born into slavery and owned by the master as well. They also had encountered many diseases known to Europe and were less likely to capitulate to diseases. Slavery began to replace indentured servants on the Chesapeake plantations. To the normal plantation owner, it became more economical to buy labor for life, or a slave that you owned until they died. Slaves could be sold, passed on to family members, and leased. No black could own arms or put their hands on a white or else they were faced with extreme consequences.Also, if off the plantation, a white person could ask a black to provide their freedom certificate or a note of pe rmission to be off the plantation from the master they also faced extreme consequences. Slaves were like children to whites. They could not rebel without repercussions and could not betray or leave their owner. They had free labor that could not go anywhere; slavery was a huge benefit and was like a dream for a plantation owner. They were essential to production and cultivation of crops and plantations. By 1700, slavery was existent in all of the colonies.The House of Burgesses realized that slaves were an extremely important part of the labor force and therefore, to the economy. A new slave code was enacted in 1705 stating that slaves were property of their owners and to the white community. Slaves were the legal responsibility of the master and if they started to rebel it was the master’s obligation to keep them in line. Slavery also brought a new division of people to the New World. The slaves that were transported to the colonies for labor were not all from the same cultu re, race or society.They spoke different languages, had diverse customs and had many various religions. Many of these people would have never come in contact with each other if not for this slave trade. An overall stereotype of African’s was what they now where known as. There cultures and ideologies emerged into a single background and ancestry for people born into this lifestyle and they no longer came from different tribes or kinships. There new culture was based on African traditions, English fundamentals and American standards. This could almost be considered as the first installment of America becoming known as a ‘melting pot’.Slavery was a huge part of the development of the New World and to the rise of its commercial supremacy. In Britain the profits from the slave trade encouraged the growth of ports, banking, ship building and helped to finance the industrial revolution. It also boosted the colonies wealth and set the foundation for the strong economica l society it would later become. As a historian would later transcribe: â€Å"The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of free colonial British America †¦ were achieved as a result of slave labor†.

My Reading Autobiography Essay

Reading has been an important part in my life. I have always loved reading since reading entertains, educates and informs. Reading interesting novels such as fiction books has been part of the entertainment aspect of my reading history. I love the way stories are told in books and as I read, I often get overwhelmed and enter the scene being explained in the story. At times I feel I am watching live scenes. This entertains me! Books have educated me. Since I entered school, the most valuable friend I met in school was reading. Reading has been my greatest companion in education and through reading I have amassed a great deal of knowledge. When I was young, I was introduced to reading sciences and arts. I found it hard to read especially pronouncing words in the required manner. With interest, I gained a strong interest in reading. Reading has now made me understand, critically analyze and find solutions to most life problems. Apart from educating me, reading taught me how to get information and be informed. I always felt it was a bother being asked to read when I was first introduced to reading in school. My teachers could force me to keep repeating a word over and over if I made wrong pronunciations. My parents were not any soft to me. Everybody wanted to see me reading correctly and sacrificed their time ensuring that I made correct pronunciations. In school, I even became an expert in reading and I could assist other pupils in reading! The teachers who often pressed me to repeat the wrongly pronounced words became my best friends. Today, I encourage a reading culture among all people regardless they are students or not. I emphasize on the three roles of reading; informing, entertaining and educating. These catchwords have deeply sunk into people’s memory and a majority of them have embraced reading as the most beneficial culture.

How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay Example

How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay Example How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay State parties recognise the right of every kid to a criterion of life adequate for the child`s physical, mental, religious, moral and societal development. ( UN Convention, Article 27 ) ( Daniel, P, 1998, p50 ) There are two definitions of poorness ; absolute and comparative. Absolute poorness refers to a set of criterions which is the same in all states and which does non alter over clip, whereas comparative poorness refers to a criterion which is defined in footings in which the person lives. In Britain we refer to relative poorness when discoursing poorness, harmonizing to End kid poorness. Org ( 2009 ) 4 million kids, one in three, are presently populating in poorness in the UK, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.endpoverty.org/ Any family with an income of less than 60 % of the British Median is classified as in poorness. The official cut off line is ?199 per hebdomad for individual parents and ?283.20 for a two parent household after lodging has been paid ( Gentleman, Amelia, 2009 ) It is frequently argued that if kids are housed, fed and have entree to liberate health care that they have nil to kick about, Hilary Fisher, manager of the run to End Child Poverty would differ saying half Dickensian, half wartime, with images of kids in ill-fitting apparels, is really far from world. Peoples have particularly outdated constructs of British poorness ( Gentleman, Amelia, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promise Supplying a hebdomad s worth of repasts for three people for ?6.66 a caput is easy one time you work out how, .The gas and electricity payments for the hebdomad have already been made, so she knows the kids will be warm. A female parent s words quoted from an article from The Guardian. She besides rejects the suggestion that her household might be described as hapless. Oh no, she says steadfastly. We get by. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promise Poverty normally means kids miss out on school trips, do non hold equal winter vesture and are nt able to bask leisure activities with their equals. As a consequence, their instruction suffers doing it hard to acquire the makings they need to travel on to sustainable, well-paid occupations. This limits their possible to gain the money needed to back up their ain households in ulterior life, and so a rhythm of poorness is created. Harmonizing to Rowntree the two most important causes of child poorness are long-run unemployment and the turning figure of low paid occupations. ( Daniel, P, 1998, p59 ) Children who grow up in poorness face a greater hazard of holding hapless wellness, being exposed to offense and neglecting to make their full potency. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/ Childhood is the most vulnerable clip of life and wellness inequalities can hold permanent effects throughout life. Good wellness in the early old ages lays the foundations for positive development. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspx Katy Morton says kids populating in poorness are more likely to be corpulent and have hapless dental wellness. ( Nursery World ) . Fleshiness can take to an increased hazard of diabetes, bosom disease, high blood force per unit area, degenerative arthritis and some malignant neoplastic diseases. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/ Attachment theory is the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth ( Ainsworth A ; Bowlby, 1991 ) . He thereby revolutionized our believing about a kid s tie to the female parent and its break through separation, want, and mourning. Mary Ainsworth contributed the construct of the attachment figure as a unafraid base from which an baby can research the universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/inge_origins.pdf. Poverty reduces the parental bond and fond regard between parent and kid, due to the parent being pre-occupied with fiscal jobs, lodging concerns and wellness jobs, harmonizing to surveies of parents in hapless households ( Huston, 199 ; McLoyd, 1990 ; Sampson A ; Laub, 1994 ) ( Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346 ) This could be argued that kids whose parents are out of work and are at place with the kids may hold a better fond regard with their kids due to clip spent at home` the first few months are critical in order for babes to organize healthy attachments.` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspx These surveies besides suggested that kid that come from poorer places frequently live in a helter-skelter and disorganised mode due to parents being excessively busy with their ain jobs and that kids would more likely to be attracted to playing in the street and are more likely to come to harm within the place and exterior of the place. That parents are more likely to utilize `erratic` and ` disciplinary techniques` to utilize physical penalty on their kids. ( Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346 ) Many kids who face poorness flight harm and develop into well-functioning grownups. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Poverty does non ever lead to inadequate parenting but can hold great effects on the children`s ego regard and ego image taking to depression and ineptitude. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Childs who have rational, athletic or artistic endowment which leads to fulfilment are more likely to follow acceptable tracts instead than taking into anti-social behavior, force and offense. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Where kids who come from poorness their parents may non be able to afford the fees for such activities and non be able to fund the equipment needed, this could ensue in the kid non being able to develop their endowments. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) It was in 1867 that Thomas Barnado set up the Ragged School and get downing assisting the abused, vulnerable, disregarded and ignored kids of east London and his work still continues today. `Barnardo s vision today is that the lives of all kids and immature people should be free from poorness, maltreatment and favoritism. Barnardo s believe in the abused, the vulnerable, the forgotten and the ignored. We pledge to back up them, stand up for them and convey out the best in each and every child` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barnardos.org.uk/who_we_are/history.htm A government-commissioned study on wellness inequalities will supply a cardinal influence on future public wellness policy in the UK, harmonizing to Health Secretary Frank Dobson the Acheson study published in 1998 demonstrates the being of wellness disparities and their relationship to societal category, the study calls for an addition in benefits for anticipant female parents as they have unequal diets. There is significant grounds that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) are associated with long-run shortages in knowledge and school accomplishment. However, all these conditions are associated with poorness and hapless wellness, harmonizing to a study by S. M. Grantham-McGregor, S. P. Walker and S. Chang hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext? type=1 A ; fid=796168 A ; jid=PNS A ; volumeId=59 A ; issueId=01 A ; aid=796156 Cognitive development are phases that kids have to go through through to understand and do sense of the universe about them as stated by Piaget ( Kehily, M, J, pg, 145, 2009 ) Besides saying that poorness has a disproportional consequence on kids, and kids under two are more expensive to look after than older kids, but Income Support degrees do non reflect this. Furthermore it states that many low income households do non hold adequate money to purchase the points and services necessary for good wellness, intending that money for nutrient is frequently used to run into exigencies. The study calls for more support for schools in disadvantaged countries, better nutrition at schools and wellness promoting schools . Promoting wellness through the course of study, offering free fresh fruit and avoid seting sweet machines on the premises. The study besides states kids from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve less at school than other kids and are more likely to travel on to acquire severely paid occupations or be unemployed. This leads to a barbarous circle of wellness jobs associated with low income and a prolongation of the poorness trap. The hapless are besid es twice every bit likely to hold drink jobs as the rich. Seventeen per cent of hapless work forces and 6 % of hapless adult females has an intoxicant job, compared with 8 % of rich work forces and 3 % of rich adult females. hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/222649.stm Work force and adult females with a lower degree of educational accomplishment tended to hold a less healthy diet harmonizing to consequences from The Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey ( LIDNS ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/ In Britain in 1997, one place in every three was classified as a low-income family. With kids being raised in poorness were less likely to go to school on a regular footing, non come oning on to farther instruction and deriving makings to take into employment. Girls were more likely to go immature female parents and to fall into the same rhythm of want as their parents. There is a strong nexus between childhood experiences and grownup life-chances. Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, pledged in 1999, to stop kid poorness by 2020 with an interim mark to halve child poorness by 2010/11. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insidegovernment.co.uk/children/child_poverty/ Children life in poorness normally have to populate in hapless lodging conditions, this can take to the kid holding wellness jobs like asthma, bronchitis, life in bad lodging can do terrible ill-health and disablement before they reach in-between age. they are more likely to be absent from school, kid development suffers due to their place being cold and moistness, their chest injuries when they breathe, and non being able to kip at dark, when the warming does non work as an article by lisa Harker provinces. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplementEvery Child Matters authorities programme for kid public assistance picks out wellness, safety, economic wellbeing, doing a positive part, basking and accomplishing as the critical factors that form kids s lives, there is no expressed acknowledgment of the function that lodging dramas Children s mental wellness is besides affected. Harmonizing to` The Shelter` kids are teased at school because their apparels odor of moistness, which affects assurance and they have low self-esteem. The status of the house makes it hard kids to hold friends round to play, which impacts on their societal development. hypertext transfer protocol: //image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2006/09/12/Lifechancereport.pdf In 1999 the Government made it a precedence to eliminate kid poorness within a coevals. The Child Poverty Bill was introduced to supply a statutory footing for the committedness made by the authorities in 1999 to eliminate child poorness by 2020. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.politics.co.uk/legislation/children-and-family/child-poverty-bill- $ 1307945.htm `Sure Start brings together child care, early instruction, wellness and family-support services for households with kids under 5 old ages old. It is the basis of the Government s thrust to undertake child poorness and societal exclusion working with parents-to-be, parents, carers and kids to advance the physical, rational and societal development of babes and immature kids so that they can boom at place and when they get to school.` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/earlyyears/surestart/aboutsurestart/aboutsurestart/ From April 2009 expectant female parents are able to acquire a one-off, tax-exempt payment called the Health in Pregnancy Grant. The grant is a one-off payment of ?190 the money is to assist parents with cost of a new babe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmrc.gov.uk/hipg/what-is-it.htm # 1 besides a manner of promoting pregnant adult females to eat more healthily, to pass more money on fruit and veggies. This was argued by Dr Mark porter from the Times that many female parents to be would pass the grant on `booze` and `fags` instead than on enriching nutrient for their unborn. Recent research has shown that the nutritionary position of the female parent during gestation can hold a profound long-run impact on her unborn babe s wellness. This can change the babe s metamorphosis, for good increasing the likeliness of a scope of jobs in big life, including fleshiness, bosom disease and high blood force per unit area. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_s tyle/health/features/article6086365.ece Anticipant female parents non holding the sufficient vitamin can hold greater hazard of kids developing diabetes, multiple induration and perchance even autism harmonizing to Dr Mark Porter from The Times. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086365.ece ADHD is associated with kids of low birth weight ; baccy, intoxicant and cocaine maltreatment during gestation although there is small grounds that ADHD can originate strictly out of societal or environmental factors such as poorness, household pandemonium, diet or hapless parent direction ( Barkley, 1990 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adhdtraining.co.uk/about.php The strong association noted in a survey between maternal mental wellness and childhood ADHD, single-parent households of lower income may be the most affected population. hypertext transfer protocol: //pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/111/5/S1/1232 The Government introduced the Child Benefit in 1977 replacing household allowances and child revenue enhancement allowances it is a tax-exempt payment that can be claimed for kids. . There are two separate sums, with a higher sum for the eldest ( or merely ) kid of ?20.00 a hebdomad ?13.20 a hebdomad for any other kids. Child Benefit is flat-rate and non age-related. `The instance for age relation is that kids become more expensive as they grow older. ` .http: //www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socialsecurity.htm? CFID=538533 A ; CFTOKEN=eec3c7817f178fc-6136AFC9-D609-CB06-42FF4E4FAC7FCB18 A ; jsessionid=5030a3ed25e20497a47539430a692d643d45TR Child Trust Fund ( CTF ) is a nest eggs and investing history for kids. Children born on or after 1 September 2002 will have a ?250 verifier to get down their history. The history belongs to the kid and ca nt be touched until they turn 18, so that kids have some money behind them to get down their grownup life. Working Tax Credits was introduced in 1998 with the kid attention revenue enhancement recognition lending to 70 % of child care for most households to assist them back into work. ( Pugh, G, p12, 2010 ) Harmonizing to a study by Steve Doughty, Labours Tax Credits is being blamed for the break-up of households and the doubling of divorce rates in low income households with kids. Curates acknowledge that kids being raised by married twosomes or complete household units are more likely to make better at school, have a better diet and are less likely to turn to offense and unemployment as those kids coming from individual parent households and measure households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1158700/Tax-credits-DO-help-break-families-Parents-encouraged-divorce-claim-higher-benefits-says-report.html Tax Credits is to fault for the excess 45,000 excess babes born annually harmonizing to research from the Fiscal Studies. With all the aid from the authorities and all the inducement strategies why do kids still populating in poorness, do parents necessitate to be better educated and should kids larn money direction at school. The Government s Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework should be revised to reflect the direct impact that lodging has on all facets of kids s life opportunities

4 Tips on Writing a Wedding Speech

4 Tips on Writing a Wedding Speech 4 Tips on Writing a Wedding Speech Who doesn’t love weddings? Fancy clothes, romance, food and drink aplenty – they tick all the â€Å"Good Time† boxes. But wait! Maybe you’re the best man, maid of honor, or father of the bride. If so, you might find yourself distracted by fear of delivering a wedding speech. But you can’t let worries about public speaking ruin the party. And with our top tips, you can be confident of getting your wedding speech just right. We will not be recommending a sing-along, but it is an option.(Photo: Greg Neate/flickr) 1. The Essentials of a Wedding Speech There is a basic structure that most wedding speeches follow: Introduce yourself and how you know the groom and/or bride Offer an anecdote or two about your relationship with them Talk about the bride and groom as a couple Thank anyone who you need to thank (e.g., guests, parents of the couple) Make a toast to the future There is room for variation in here, depending on the tone you want to strike. But this basic structure is a good starting point for any wedding speech. 2. Be Funny (But Not Too Funny) It’s often fun to have a couple of jokes or funny stories in a wedding speech. You can look for jokes online, but people may have heard these before! Instead, try to come up with something personal to the couple. Jokes are always funnier if they are based on something true. Remember, though, that this is not a comedy routine. Your speech should celebrate the couple. And if all you do is crack jokes, it might seem like you’re not taking the wedding seriously. 3. Don’t Go There! Here is a list of things you should not do in your wedding speech: Go on about the happy couple’s ex-partners Swear and/or tell filthy jokes Discuss the couple’s relationship problems Dig out the most embarrassing stories imaginable Make it all about you Talk for hours and hours (10 minutes maximum!) You can bend these rules if you’re sure the couple and guests will be fine with what you say. But remember that Aunt Ethel might not be as happy to hear your foul-mouthed story about what the groom did on holiday in Thailand as you and your buddies! So try to judge the room. 4. Get It Proofread You might not think proofreading is important for a wedding speech, as nobody will read it except you. But it does offer advantages: Making sure it is error free will make it easier to read out loud Editing will keep your speech punchy and focused You can even request feedback on your jokes! So if you want to make a great speech, get in touch to see how we can help.

Mainstreaming students with disabilities Into regular classrooms Assignment

Mainstreaming students with disabilities Into regular classrooms - Assignment Example Some of the benefits coming along with the mainstreaming include higher academic performance for the mainstreamed students, improved self-esteem by the disability students and improved socialization skills on all the students among others (de Boer, Pijl, & Minnaert, 2011). 3. Unlike fully included disabilities students, those mainstreamed for some class sessions may feel socially isolated and more conspicuous that those fully included. Most of the mainstreamed students, research shows, would rather be in an environment where the students are at almost the same academic level and with the same needs. 4. The schools with mainstreamed programs are required by law to provide additional specialized services to suit these students and therefore a higher cost of education. The problem with this requirement is that they are not provided with additional funding to help in the support of this program. The average cost of educating a student with a single disability, for example, has been estimated to be up to 1.6 times that of the regular student. This estimation however does not cater for students with multiple learning disabilities that may require more specialized learning services. 2. If the idea of mainstreaming is one that is fully embraced, professional training and regular seminars and sessions can be offered to regular teachers to help them be well equipped to handle the needs and academic needs of the children with disabilities. 3. To deal with social isolation, the level of support accorded to mainstreamed students should not be so exclusive the aides should also be available to help regular students to remove the stigma and conspicuous nature of this added attention. 4. The ministry in charge of education and special education should be able to come up with ways to increase funding to cater for the mainstreamed students. Equally, the parents should be encouraged to

Theorization & Generalization of Findings Article

Theorization & Generalization of Findings - Article Example Thus, Social Work Research is a means of providing a flexible system through which targets of a given Social Work projects can be analyzed, critiqued and evaluated in order to provide an opinion or view of the existing state of affairs in the status of a given community. The purpose of this paper is to critique a given article on the basis of standards, conventions, and ethics of Social Work Research presented by authoritative academics and researchers in the field. This will include a thorough review and analysis of the content of the article and how it meets the standards in the absolute and relativist sense. The article selected for this study is titled â€Å"Violence Exposure Among Children of Incarcerated Mothers† by Dana, D. DeHart and Sandra J. Altshuler which was published in the Child Adolescent Social Work Journal in 2009. As the title suggests, the article focuses on the social welfare of a class of people in society who need the help of social service providers and other social workers to gain a normal life – children of incarcerated women. Clearly, when a woman gives birth to a child in prison, the child is in a less than ideal social setting. Hence, there is the need for social workers in the community to find ways of ensuring that the child in question gets the right level of care and attention in order to grow to become a responsible adult. The title makes it easier for people searching the web to locate it because the words â€Å"violence†, â€Å"children† and â€Å"incarcerated mothers† are likely to be searched when anyone with a research interest needs to find an article with these features. This implies that it is conveniently titled and can be easily located. The title is also direct and straightforward because most thinkers can easily understand it and deduce a lot of meaning from it when they first see it.

Are nurses as cost effective as doctors in urgent care centres UK Essay

Are nurses as cost effective as doctors in urgent care centres UK - Essay Example Most hospitals and other medical facilities in London and elsewhere across the country have successfully commissioned or are on the verge of commissioning service models related to urgent care centers, especially at the frontage of the emergency departments. In particular, the urgent care centers provide appropriate response to patients with minor injuries and illnesses that do not require specialized or intensive care. In addition, urgent care centers foster greater integration between urgent services delivered in communities and care services provided in hospitals. Incidentally, most primary care practitioners have stronger links with community services thus enhancing rapid and seamless transfer of patients to relevant pathways (Healthcare for London 2010, p. 29). These care centers have also facilitated integration of the provisions of emergency and urgent care. Virtually all the studies indicated that nurse practitioners provide quality medical care services at comparatively lowe r costs, as well as provide more disease prevention counseling, health promotion activities, health education, and successfully achieve higher levels of patient satisfaction than doctors. According to the National Institute for Health Research (March, 2014), the effectiveness of nurses or nurse practitioners would only be compared with that of junior doctors in relation to treating of patients with minor injuries in urgent care centers and emergency department settings (National Institute for Health Research 2014, p. 5). However, the study offered limited evidence that could prove that nurses reduced the waiting time for patients during assessment or even treatment, as well as patients’ overall length of stay in urgent care centers and emergency departments in entirety. In addition, the study revealed that most patients were satisfied with the nurse practitioner’s high levels of acceptance

Full Range Of Leadership Model Management Essay

Full Range Of Leadership Model Management Essay As indicated in chapter one, this research attempts to fill a void in the discussion of how managers leadership styles influence employees to stimulate their creative performance in public organizations, particularly in developing countries where environmental variables or national contexts have a strong impact on leadership styles. Since the study aims to determine the degree to which Omani civil service managers practise the Full Range of Leadership styles to enhance employees creative performance, three interrelated issues need to be addressed to meet these aims: 1) historical evolution of theories of leadership emphasized in the Full Range of Leadership model; 2) historical development of creativity theories focusing on an individual creativity model; and 3) the interrelationships between the issues 1 and 2. In this way, the three fields of the literature above together constitute a framework which will inform the analysis of this study. Therefore, the chapter is structured into these main areas of interest. In the first part, the chapter examines the leadership concept and its historical evolution theories. It concentrates on the Full Range of Leadership model and its components as a new leadership approach. In part two the chapter reveals the evolution of the creativity concept. It highlights individual cr eativity theories and discusses employees creative performance. In the third part, the chapter demonstrates the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and employees creative performance. Finally, the chapter illustrates the studys analytical framework. 2.2 Part One: The Historical Evolution of Leadership 2.2.1 Overview of the Leadership Concept The leadership phenomenon is recognized as being the most extensively researched social process known to behavioural science, because it is believed that leadership plays a crucial role in organizations through a direct influence on individuals and groups within those organizations (Yukl, 2008). Leadership is a difficult concept to define. Taylor (1994) argued that the literature has shown no one definition, list of descriptors, or theoretical model that provides a complete picture of either the theory or practice of leadership. Further, Yukl (2008) suggested that despite the fact that many definitions have been offered, no one particular definition captures the essence of leadership. Bass (1999) claimed that the definition of leadership should depend on the purposes to be served by the definition. According to Burns (1978), leadership is identified as the ability to inspire followers to attempt to accomplish goals that represent the values, motivations, wants, needs, aspirations, and expectations of both leaders and followers. Additionally, Schein (1992) referred to leadership as the ability to operate outside of the existing culture to start an evolutionary change processes. Other scholars such as Bass and Bass (2008) attempted to describe leadership in broader terms. They mentioned that the definition of leadership involves a number of assumptions and understandings from both empirical and conceptual sources. Leadership: (a) exists within social relationships and serves social ends; (b) involves purpose and direction; (c) is an influence process; (d) is a function; and (e) is contextual and contingent. Therefore, leadership involves those who work with others to provide direction and who exert influence on persons and things in order to achieve the organizations goals. Leadership is also defined in terms of a process of social influence, whereby a leader influences members of a group towards a goal (Bryman, 1992). In his definition Bryman tends to emphasize three main elements of leadership: influence, group, and goal. Northouse (2012) extended Brymans leadership elements and identifies four main components central to the definition of leadership: (a) leadership is a process; (b) leadership involves influence; (c) leadership occurs in groups; and (d) leadership involves common goals. Therefore, referring to leadership as a process it is not a trait or characteristics that reside in the leader. It means that a leader affects, and is affected by followers. It emphasizes that leadership is an interactive event occurring between the leaders and their followers. Therefore, leadership is concerned with how the leader affects followers, and thus involves influence. Obviously, those definitions want to illustrate that without influences, leadership does not exist. Besides, Northouse (2012) pointed out that leadership is a phenomenon that occurs in groups. Groups are the context in which leadership takes place. Thus, leadership is basically about one individual who influences a group of others to accomplish common goals. Therefore, both leaders and followers are involved together in the leadership process. That is why it is common to say that leaders need followers, and followers need leaders. In fact, it is a transactional event that occurs between the leader and the followers. Although leaders and followers are closely linked, it is the leader who often initiates the relationship, creates the communication linkages, and carries the burden for maintaining the relationship (Bryman, 1992). Briefly, after a careful revision of the enormous variety of conceptualisations of leadership available in the literature, the crucial elements of leadership are best represented in Northouses definition (2012:6), where leadership is defined as a process whereby an individual motivates a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. This definition raises the following question: What are the leadership characteristics that enable an individual to influence others to unite for a common purpose? This question can best be answered by gaining a better understanding of the historical evolution of leadership and the theoretical paradigms in which leadership has been studied. With this in mind, the next sections will discuss the development of leadership theories, from the traditional leadership theories of the mid-1800s and leading to the more modern paradigm of transformational/transactional leadership theory. 2.2.2 Historical Evolution of Leadership Theories Since the early 1800s researchers have attempted to develop different research approaches to analyse the construct of leadership and its relationship with motivating others to greater productivity. The next section focuses on five of the main organizational leadership theories that have been developed over time. These theories are the great-man theory, the trait theory, the behavioural approach, the situational approach, and the integrative approach. 2.2.2.1 Great-Man Theory In the early nineteenth century, great-man theory was popular and focused on great leaders who helped to change and shape world events. Those great leaders or heroes were highly influential individuals due to their personal charisma, intelligence, or wisdom, and they utilized this power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory assumes that leaders are born and not made. Thus, the capacity of the leader is inherent and there is not much you can do about it. The great-man theory believes that those great leaders possessed specific traits or characteristics that enabled them to stand out from others, to attract the necessary followers, to set direction, and to be strong leaders in their time. These theories evolved and were the natural forerunners to trait theory (Bass and Bass, 2008, and Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991). 2.2.2.2 The Trait Approach The trait approach focuses upon personal qualities of leadership. This approach is based on the assumption that leaders can be identified by specific traits or characteristics. Basically, there are three broad types of trait which have been addressed by the literature: first, physical elements, such as height, weight, appearance, and age; second, ability characteristics, such as intelligence, scholarship and knowledge, knowing how to get things done, and fluency of speech; and third, other personality features, such as self-confidence, inter-personal sensitivity, and emotional control (Yukl, 2008). Hundreds of trait studies were carried out during the 1930s and 1940s, but according to Stogdill (1974) the massive research effort failed to find any traits that would guarantee leadership success. Smith and Peterson (1988) suggest that the failure of the trait approach has been attributed to the following reasons: first, providing only a list of traits and skills found to be productive did not help in understanding leadership; second, the trait approach failed to tell what these leaders actually do in performing their day-to-day leadership tasks; and third, the method of measurement used by researchers for this approach did not include psychological scaling. Obviously, over the years, it has been documented that leader traits contribute significantly to the prediction of leader effectiveness, leader emergence, and leader advancement. However, there is still a lack of agreement among researchers regarding leader traits and attributes (Zaccaro et al., 2004). Realizing the unreliability of trait theory, researchers began to focus on the observable leadership behaviours, an area which came to be known as behavioural leadership theory. 2.2.2.3 The Behavioural Approach The behavioural approach started in the 1950s as researchers became discouraged with the trait approach and started to pay closer attention to what leaders actually do. Yukl (2008) provides details of two major research studies that were conducted by researchers from Ohio State University and the University of Michigan using two lines of research methods developed to study leader behaviour. The method used by Ohio State University utilized observations to investigate how leaders spend their time completing the activities, responsibilities, and functions of the job. Researchers, therefore, collected data from direct observation, diaries, job description questionnaires, and interviews. The other method of research used by the University of Michigan focused on perceptions of effective leadership behaviour. In conformity with Horn-Turpin (2009) and Yukl (2008), from a series of studies which have been conducted at Ohio State University, it was concluded that the major dimensions of leaders behaviour involved two factors: consideration and initiation. Consideration refers to the extent to which the leader shows consideration to followers. This means the leader listens to the members, shows concern for their welfare, is friendly and approachable, expresses appreciation for good work, treats subordinates as equals, increases subordinates work and maintains their self-esteem, reduces inter-personal conflict, and puts subordinates suggestions into operation. On the other hand, initiation refers to task-related behaviour, such as initiating activity in the group, organizing it, coordinating tasks, and defining the problem for the group and outlining the way the work is to be done. The initiation of structure includes such leadership behaviour as planning activities, facilitating goal achievem ents, providing feedback for the group, maintaining standards and meeting deadlines, deciding in detail what should be done, and how establishing clear channels of communication, organizing work tightly, structuring the work context, providing a clear-cut definition of role responsibility. Based on Yukl (1989), the University of Michigan study identified two specific leadership behaviours that corresponded to the two behaviours identified in the Ohio State University study: (1) production oriented; and (2) employee oriented. Production-oriented behaviours, which corresponded to the initiation behaviour in the Ohio State study, involved completion of tasks, while employee-oriented behaviours corresponded to the consideration-based behaviour in the Ohio State study. Leaders who demonstrated the employee-oriented behaviour also exhibited human-relation-oriented skills and relationships with their employees. Actually, these studies supported the notion that effective leaders had to be cognizant of both task and relationship orientation. Additionally, these studies suggested that some organizations may need leaders who are more focused on tasks, while others require a leadership perspective with strong human-relations skills. Despite the significant findings from both studies, Bryman (1992) mentioned four problems that had been identified with the behavioural approach. The first was inconsistent findings that is, the magnitude and direction of the correlations between consideration and initiating styles and various outcome measures were highly variable. Also, some correlations failed to reach statistical significance. Secondly, an absence of situational analysis. Behavioural approach studies failed to include in their research situational variables that are, including variables which moderate the relationship between leader behaviour and various outcomes. Thirdly, there was a measurement problem: for example, the consideration measure seemed to be affected by leniency effect. Ratings of leaders were found to be contaminated by subordinates implicit theory. Finally, there was a problem of causality that is, does the style of leader influence various outcomes, or does the leader adjust his/her style in re sponse to group performance? Thus, some research went further to suggest that different situations may require different leadership styles and approaches. This concept led to a major shift to contingency theory. 2.2.2.4 The Contingency Approach The fourth leadership approach is Fiedlers (1967) contingency theory or the contingency approach. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s and was viewed as a complement to the Michigan and Ohio State studies. It focuses upon the impact of the situation in determining the leaders style. According to Fiedler (1967) as cited by Yukl (2008), leadership performance depends on both the organization and the leader. He suggested that situational variables have a moderate effect on the relationship between leadership style and effectiveness. Fiedler mentioned that leadership performance depends as much on the organization as it does on the leaders own attributes. Evidently, the contingency approach emphasizes the importance of contextual factors that might influence the leadership process. The characteristics of followers, the nature of the work that the leaders unit performs, the organization type, and the external environment are all major situational variables. The theory suggests that the effectiveness of leader behaviour is dependent upon the situation. Indeed, the contingency approach is sometimes referred to as the situational theory (Yukl, 2008). Northouse (2012) argued that the contingency approach is like the behavioural approach and has many problems similar to those identified in the behavioural approach, such as inconsistent findings, causality problems, and measurement problems. Further, the theory has also been criticized as being an ambiguous approach. Thus, the integrative approach appeared as an attempt to integrate all these theories in one. 2.2.2.5 The Integrative Approach The integrative approach involves studying more than one type of leadership variable. Indeed, few theories or studies include traits, behaviour, influence processes, situation variables, and outcomes all in the same design (Northouse, 2012). In fact, as leaders engage in the constantly changing environment and demands of others, Yukl (2008) argued that this approach may offer a meaningful analysis of the practical day-to-day situations that leaders might encounter. He emphasized that leaders influence a number of situations. Leaders impact the effectiveness of a group or organization by influencing the: (a) interpretation of external events by members; (b) choice of objectives and strategies to pursue; (c) motivation of members to achieve the objectives; (d) mutual trust and cooperation of members; (e) organization and coordination of work activities; (f) allocation of resources to activities and objectives; (g) development of member skills and confidence; (h) learning and sharing of new knowledge by members; (i) enlistment of support and cooperation from outsiders; (j) design of formal structure, programme, and systems; and (k) shared beliefs and values of members. All of these situations are important and require that a leader effectively recognizes the situation and employs the appropriate leadership strategies. Over time, the academic focus has moved from leadership traits to leadership behaviours and then to using different leadership styles in various situations; however, it was obvious that because of the limitations found in those leadership theories, a new leadership approach needed to emerge. Problems such as inconsistent findings, measurement problems, and the problem of causality led to general doubt about leadership theory and stimulated fresh thinking, which led to a new approach (Bennett, 2009). 2.2.3 The New Leadership Approach: The Full Range of Leadership Model Leadership theories had focused primarily on making operations more efficient, through looking for ways to increase production and improve operations. Bass (1985) emphasized that in leadership theories, employee motivation was considered not the key; but only the vehicle. Vrooms expectancy theory (1982) demonstrates that motivation influences job performance and employees are motivated by receiving rewards and avoiding punishment. Thus, employees tied their level of effort to their expected outcome. They were transaction driven. In conformity with Bass (1985), transactional leaders understood the needs of their employees and how to meet those needs in exchange for the appropriate level of effort. However, researchers saw situations where individuals were led by visionary and charismatic leaders who helped their organizations achieve more than was believed possible (Bass, 1985; House, 1977; and Bryman, 1992). Hence, those findings helped lay the foundation for transformational and tra nsactional leadership theory, which later extended to the Full Range of Leadership theory. The theory of transformational and transactional leadership began to develop in the 1970s and 1980s. Downton (1973) introduced the term transformational leadership, followed by Burns (1978), who focused on transformational and transactional leadership in the political field. In fact, they opened a new chapter in leadership research. From that time the transformational leadership approach become one of the most popular approaches to leadership that has successfully attracted researchers since the early 1980s. According to Lowe and Gardner (2000), research in transformational leadership was found to cover one third of the all leadership research, and it occupies a central place in leadership studies. As cited by Pearce et al., (2003), the literature confirms that Downton (1973) is the first researcher to make a distinction between transactional and transformational leadership, whereas the idea gained more attention in James McGregor Burns published work (1978) on political leaders. Burns distinguished between ordinary (transactional) leaders, who exchanged tangible rewards for employees work and loyalty, and extraordinary (transformational) leaders, who engaged with employees, focused on higher-order intrinsic needs, and raised consciousness about the significance of specific outcomes and new ways in which those outcomes might be achieved (Barnett et al., 2001; Pearce et al., 2003; Gellis, 2001; Rafferty and Griffin, 2004; and Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Actually, Burns defined transformational and transactional leadership styles as opposites, whereas Bernard Bass added to these concepts but also believed that managers could demonstrate both depending on the situation (Bass, 1985). Furthermore, Bass et al. (1987) and Waldman et al. (1990) noted that transformational leadership was an extension of transactional leadership. Later, Bass introduced the augmentation model, where he argued that transformational leadership augments transactional leadership in predicting levels of individuals performances (Bass and Riggio, 2006). It is obvious, then, that much of the research on transformational leadership today goes back to the original works of Burns and Bass. Indeed, many researchers state that the most elaborate exposition of transformational leadership theory, which was later extended to the Full Range of Leadership theory, belongs to Bernard Bass (for example, Bryman, 1992; Simic, 1998; Zhang, 2011; and Si and Wei, 2012). Bernard Bass applied the work of James McGregor Burns (1978) on transformational and transactional leadership to organizational management. Bass (1999) defined the transactional leader as a leader who: (1) recognizes what his or her employees want to get from their work and tries to see that employees get what they desire if their performance warrants it; (2) exchanges rewards and promises of rewards for appropriate levels of effort; and (3) responds to the self-interests of employees as long as they are getting the job done. On the other hand, Bass and Bass (2008) claimed that transformational leaders motivate subordinates to do more than is expected. They characterized transformational leaders as those who: (1) raise the level of awareness of employees about the importance of achieving valued outcomes, a vision, and the required strategy; (2) get employees to transcend their own self-interest for the sake of the group and organization; and (3) expand employees portfolio of needs by raising their awareness to improve themselves and what they are attempting to accomplish. Horn-Turpin (2009) outlines three important differences between the work of Burns (1978) and Bass (1999) on transformational and transactional leadership. Firstly, Burns (1978) suggested that the two styles of leadership are at opposite ends of the same leadership continuum: that is, the leader cannot be transactional and transformational at the same time, but could be either one of them, while Bass (1999) proposed that both transactional and transformational leadership can be displayed by the same leader. For example, Bass (1999) recognized that the same leader may use both types of the process at different times in different situations. Bass (1999) sees transformational leadership as a higher-order second leadership which is needed in addition to transactional leadership. Secondly, Burns (1978) suggested that actions are transformational if society benefits from them. Bass (1999) sees transformational leadership as not necessarily inherently beneficial; for example, Hitler was negatively transformational. Bass (1999) focuses on the individual personality while Burns (1978) placed emphasis on the leader-follower relationship. Thirdly, Bass (1999) outlined the components of the two types of leadership, specifying their content more than Burns (1978). Based on practical researches, Bass (1985) found evidence for five leadership factors: individualized consideration, charismatic leadership, intellectual stimulation, contingent rewards, and management-by-exception. Transformational leadership consisted of the first three: charismatic leadership, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Transactional leadership consisted of the last two factors: contingent rewards and management-by-exception. After additional investigation between approximately 1985 and 1995 the theory was expanded to denote three types of leadership behaviour transformational, transactional, and non-transactional laissez-faire leadership or passive leadership and it is referred to in the Full Range of Leadership model (Antonakis, 2003, and Bennett, 2009). Moreover, researchers conducted a meta-analysis of multiple studies which provided a review of hundreds of studies completed over the past twenty years indicate that indicate there has been fairly consistent support for the key factors of transformational leadership: charisma/idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration (for example, Lowe et al., 1996; DeGroot et al., 2000; Dumdum et al., 2002; and Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Investigation into the Full Range of Leadership theory expanded the components into nine factors: five transformational factors, three transactional factors, and one non-tran sactional leadership factor (for example: Avolio et al., 1999; Avolio and Bass, 2004; Barbuto, 2005; Rowold and Heinitz, 2007). Another modification to the model occurred with regard to its components. Antonakis et al. (2003) suggested using idealized influence instead of charisma and suggested that idealized influence should be separated into two parts: attributes and behaviour. Further, Avolio and Bass (2004) noted that management-by-exception should be divided into two parts: active and passive. Later, studies suggested using the term passive/avoidant instead of laissez-faire as the third leadership type in the Full Range of Leadership theory because it was more descriptive. Also, it was proposed that management-by-exception (active) was a better fit with transactional leadership, and management-by-exception (passive) was a better fit with laissez-faire as two subscales under the third type of leadership, now identified as passive/avoidant (Avolio and Bass, 2004; Avolio et al., 1999; Geyer and Steyrer, 1998; Bennett, 2009 and Den Hartog et al., 2011; and). The Full Range of Leadership model is displayed in Figure 2.1. As illustrated in Figure 2.1, the Full Range of Leadership model components are organized around two axes: level of activity and degree of effectiveness. The activity axis is concerned with how active or passive the leader is in his or her way of being towards employees and towards the aims of the organization. Essentially this axis has to do with the leaders level of engagement and involvement in the leadership process. The effectiveness axis relates to the effect the specific leadership style has on employee, group, and organizational outcomes in this study the outcome being investigated is employees creative performance. Figure 2.1: The Model of the Full Range of Leadership. Source: Adopted from Bass and Riggio (2006). ACTIVE EFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE 5 Is CR MBE-A MBE-P LF PASSIVE 2.2.3.1 Transformational Leadership The Full Range of Leadership theory demonstrates that transformational leadership is a process whereby a leader utilizes a number of leadership behaviours or practices to influence the commitment and effort of employees toward the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Those practices, indeed, enhance the values and aspirations of both leader and employees (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Unlike other traditional leadership styles, transformational leadership attempts to give adequate support to organizational members so that they become highly engaged and inspired by goals that are motivational, because those goals are associated with values in which those members strongly believe or are persuaded to strongly believe. Thus, a transformational leader undertakes a matching process where he or she identifies which internal states of organizational members are critical to their performance and specifies a set of leaders practices most likely to have a positive influence on those internal states (Leithwood and Sun, 2012). Bennis and Nanus (1985) went beyond that by conceptualizing transformational leadership as a process that changes the organization by focusing on action, and by converting followers into leaders and leaders into agents of change. This notion is also supported by Sergiovanni (1990) and Avolio (1999), who argued that transformational leadership might be defined as the process whereby leaders develop followers into leaders. Followers become leaders when they are committed to a cause and are self-managing. For the purpose of this study, transformational leadership is defined in conformity with Bass and Riggio (2006), as a process through which a leader influences the organizational members toward the achievement of organizational goals by utilizing his social charisma and actions to encourage people in organization, articulate an inspiring vision for the future, create an environment for creativity, and pay close attention to individuals needs and wants. 2.2.3.2 Components of Transformational Leadership According to Bass and Avolio (1985), transformational leaders motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often even more than they thought possible. They behave in ways to achieve superior results by employing one or more of the four core components of transformational leadership, which are: (1) idealized influence (attributed and behaviours); (2) inspirational motivation; (3) intellectual stimulation; and (4) individual consideration. To some extent Bass and Riggio (2006) stated that those components have evolved, as refinements have been made in both the conceptualization and the measurement of transformational leadership. For example, Bass and Riggio (2006) argued that there are two aspects to idealized influence: the leaders behaviours, and the elements that are attributed to the leader by employees and other associates. These two aspects, measured by separate sub-factors of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), represent the interactional nature of id ealized influence: it is embodied both in the leaders behaviour and in attributions that are made concerning the leader by employees. Conceptually, transformational leaders are charismatic and employees seek to identify with the leader and emulate them. Transformational leaders inspire employees with challenge and persuasion, and provide both meaning and understanding. They intellectually stimulate and expand the employees use of their own abilities. Finally, transformational leaders are individually considerate, and provide the employees with support, mentoring, and coaching. Each of these components can be measured with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), which will be discussed in the Methodology Chapter. Together, the five main dimensions of transformational leadership are interdependent; they must co-exist; and they are believed to represent the most effective leadership attitudes and behaviours (Gellis, 2001; Moolenaar et al., 2010; Hall et al., 2008; Pieterse, et al., 2010 and Leithwood and Sun 2012). Descriptions of the components of transformational leadership are presented in the following subsections. 2.2.3.2.1 Idealized Influence Attributed (IIA) Idealized influence attributed is defined as the socialized charisma of the leader: whether the leader is perceived as being confident and powerful, and whether the leader is viewed as focusing on higher-order ideals and ethics. Leaders who exhibit idealized influence attributed are providing a role model that employees seek to emulate (Bono and Judge, 2004; Simic, 1998; Stone, et al., 2003 and Ho et al., 2009). On the other side, employees view their leaders as having extraordinary capabilities, persistence, and determination, and they feel admiration, loyalty, and respect for the leaders (Bass, 1985). Idealized influence leaders or charismatic leaders are highly motivated to influence their employees. Their employees trust their judgments and have faith in them. Such leaders can transform the established order, and instil pride, faith, and respect. They have a gift for seeing what is really important and a sense of a vision which is effectively articulated (Avolio and Bass, 1988). Further, it has been noted that individuals who are under charismatic leadership are hig