Organisational Culture of Aldi Essays

Authoritative Culture of Aldi Essays Authoritative Culture of Aldi Paper Authoritative Culture of Aldi Paper which work independently from one another inside explicit market limits. These individual gatherings were claimed and overseen by the two siblings. Their mom anyway kept up a little market near their home to make a decent living. Karl and Theo went to center school and afterward proceeded to do preparing with Karl doing a preparation at the shop and Theo at his mother’s market. Subsequent to coming back from armed force obligation after the subsequent world war in 1945, they assumed control over their mother’s store and in the post war years the siblings extended the business quickly. In 1948, not long after the German cash change, the Albrechts’ fused their business as the Albrecht Discount store (Aldi). The two siblings anyway split in 1960 over a debate on whether to sell cigarettes at the Till or not. Aldi extended universally in the 1970’s , explicitly venturing into the UK in 1989 with an aggregate of 421 outlets in the UK. Presentation As the monetary or business condition is progressively changing and getting increasingly powerful, it is fundamental for associations and organizations to change their authoritative culture to adjust to this changing condition and consequently accomplish an upper hand over its rivals. Culture can be characterized as a lot of shared qualities, shared convictions and standard perspectives getting things done, which shape and aides the methods of hierarchical individuals. Culture is in this manner critical as it can impact the procedures or the exercises of representatives and the working of the association without fundamentally forcing measures and control. All Organizations forces an unmistakable type of culture with some having in excess of a solitary culture. This culture is generally hard to gauge, change and most particularly change. This report is going to introduce the current culture of Aldi, basically inspecting its present culture and conceivable proposition for an adjustment in culture. It distinguishes the current hierarchical culture, its qualities and shortcomings and make proposals important for an authoritative culture change. A clear approach will be utilized to decide the ebb and flow culture of the Organization, through exploration and overview from the Organisation’s site and from current representatives. This is going to give us a general image of the current culture and furthermore broke down to decide how powerful the current culture is. Having given a concise rundown of what this report will contain, I will presently talk about the detail of Aldi ‘s current culture and a potential culture change of the Organization in the fundamental piece of the report underneath. ALDI’s CURRENT CULTURE AND FINDINGS Edgar Schein’s (2004) model of culture which is generally acknowledged, considers Organizational culture in three unique levels , each recognized by its perceivability and openness by people. These levels are antiquities and creation, qualities and convictions and fundamental suppositions. In any case, Charles Handy( 1978), proposed Organizations could be ordered into an expansive scope of four societies. This arrangement of culture will depend u[on an entire host of components including organization history, possession , association structure situations and others. One of the way of life he proposed was the â€Å"Power Culture† which he recommended mirrors the centralization of intensity of a family-possessed business, either incredibly huge or little. Aldi’s authoritative culture has been exceptionally impacted by its originators. The social qualities and rules of Aldi obviously mirror the Organisation’s reasoning , core values and technique. Calorie counter Brandes a previous Managing Director of Aldi portrayed the way of life as one of ‘simplicity’. The Aldi model which depends on a basic idea of which is the arrangement of exceptionally quality items at low costs, is obviously comprehended by directors, representatives and clients. The administrators at all levels and the representatives give specific consideration to monetary productivity and are exceptionally cost cognizant. Waste or deformities isn't fair in the association anytime, hence the staffs have a culture of endeavoring to dodge the chance of waste. This culture initially affected by the organizers of cost effectiveness could be illustrated, for Theo Albrecht is said to have actually turned off the lights in workplaces when there was sufficient sunlight from outside. This idea of ‘cost watching’ stretches out into all territories of the worth chain , including the advancement of new strategies for the distribution center administration or for the transportation of merchandise. This is evident in the Aldi stores as they have a purchase your own pack strategy where the clients need to buy their sacks or bring along their packs for shopping. The point is to discover little upgrades in all territories and to create joy in accomplishing little triumphs. This culture of consistent improvement, is joined by the solid spotlight on the turn of events and usage of arrangements. As indicated by Brandes, the individuals of Aldi can be depicted as specialists, new thoughts and arrangements are attempted, as opposed to being presented to point by point investigation, in the event that they end up being fruitful, at that point they are executed rapidly. Notwithstanding its emphasis on constant improvement and monetary productivity, the hierarchical culture is additionally portrayed by assurance and steadiness. As sketched out above, there have been not very many changes in Aldi’s business approach since its establishment. Aldi has thusly sought after its business idea and has opposed allurements, for example, growing its number of items, enhancing into different territories and changing its cost authority system. This is a significant attribute of its way of life to be specific keep doing what they excel at. This Organizational culture is fortified by Aldi’s enlistment and determination approach. Aldi will in general select, advance and train administrative abilities from inside the association. Significant characteristics for potential supervisors are an attention on financial effectiveness, decency towards others , including providers unobtrusiveness and reservation towards people in general and the press. These conduct attributes are strengthened by sets of expectations laying out clear objectives and skills. Aldi supervisors have for the most part been utilized from various areas of the association, both from the stores and stockroom with these workers having an expansive information and experience on how the association works and have processed and acknowledged the authoritative culture. For instance the zone chiefs should experience a one year preparing program in which they find out about the auxiliary and procedural components of retail the executives, including store tasks, organization and coordinations and property the executives. A significant piece of this preparation incorporates Aldi’s the board framework, remembering its concentration for financial effectiveness. The initial segment of the preparation happens in the store where future territory directors assumes control over the obligations of the head supervisors for a specific timeframe. This â€Å"hands-on† approach utilized by Aldi targets familiarizing them with the organisation’s activities and furthermore its business reasoning and fundamental beliefs. During the second piece of this preparation, the territory directors will at that point work nearby the accomplished partners , this will along these lines assist them with learning their jobs and duties. This incorporates the undertakings of arranging, enlistment and association of the stores. The Aldi culture has been viable and has been the push for the association to be in the position and empower them to acquire the benefits they have earned up until this point. Aldi has likewise become universally throughout the years, with the latest globalization in Poland in 2008 with an all out number of 54 outlets at present. Aldi which initially had a notoriety and being derided as modest selling low quality items, with their clients marked as poor and couldn't shop anyplace else, this didn't anyway scratch Aldi’s benefits and steadily the German customers found that this poor notoriety of Aldi’s items was either undeserved or financially legitimate. Hence Aldi was unquestionably capable is as yet ready to make progress toward coherence and a going worry of the association with its present culture. Anyway they are a few reactions of Aldi ‘s current culture principally because of the adjustments in the financial condition and the consistent changes in consumers’ practices. These reactions are characterized underneath as; NEED FOR CHANGE * Given the ongoing powers and changes in the monetary condition and a consistent increment in rivalry, it is completely fundamental for Aldi to change and enhance certain social standard, for example, the way of life which endures late thoughts being attempted instead of being presented to nitty gritty examination is obsolete and incapable. For instance new items are not exposed to expound statistical surveying yet are fairly tried in three stores and in the event that they accomplish a quick moving pre-decided least turn over, at that point they are presented in every other shop. Anyway this isn't a viable methodology on the grounds that the shops picked for the presentation may be arranged in a vital zone, where specific clients are focused on and along these lines a high turnover. This will deceive the choice to acknowledge this items which may prompt first experience with different stores which probably won't produce a similar turnover. * Aldi has additionally opposed the allurement of presenting and extending its number of items and furthermore expanding into different zones, for instance administrations, for example, banking administrations and different items, for example, cell phones. The development of the market as of late is extremely quick,

Accessing prior knowledge through hands on experie Essay Example For Students

Getting to earlier information through hands on experie Essay nceThe significance of earlier information and the beneficial encounters of a youngster assume a critical job in the learning of new ideas. At the point when a kid can interface what they definitely know with new thoughts and jargon, they can all the more likely handle new ideas and look into the topic. Quality in language expressions is essential to learning any content whether it is arithmetic, science or social investigations. What would educators be able to do to join content to carry all the more significance to a childs learning experience? Guillaume proposes a few thoughts which mirror the writing on content territory perusing and learning. One thought is to access and work earlier information with the utilization of manipulatives and mixed media introductions. So as to energize conversation in the study hall show a few important genuine articles, ancient rarities, models, photos, and so on. The kids will have the chance to watch these items and pose inquiries. Correlations can be made between what they are seeing and what they definitely know. Trials, for example, causing a spring of gushing lava with family unit fixings to can exhibit to a youngster the activity of a live fountain of liquid magma along these lines carrying enthusiasm to content alluding to evolving landforms. Utilize a salting procedure so the understudies can observer the consumption of metals. These examinations have substantially more effect on a youngster than the basic perusing of content. They currently have earlier information to identify with the idea. Guillaume, Andrea M. (1998). Learning with content in the essential evaluations. The Reading Teacher, 51, 476-486.

MPA in Environmental Science and Policy Information Session COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MPA in Environmental Science and Policy Information Session COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Earlier this week I mentioned that SIPA has seven different degree programs.   One of the programs we offer is a one-year MPA in Environmental Science and Policy.   A great way to learn about this program is to attend an information session.   Details of an upcoming session can be found below.   If you have any questions about this program, feel free to contact Audrey Lapiner at ael2130@columbia.edu. MPA in Environmental Science and Policy Information Session Date:   Tuesday, November 10th Speaker: Steve Cohen, Director, MPA Director, MPA Environmental Science and Policy; Executive Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University Time: 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. Location: Columbia University, Morningside Campus, International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Contact: Audrey Lapiner, ael2130@columbia.edu or call (212) 851-0261 To Register click here. Web Site: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mpaenvironment

The Women s Rights Movement Essay - 1637 Words

Women leaders are evolving in today’s society more than ever before. For a while, men had always been at the forefront when it came to leadership, however women have really stepped up and began taking on a lot of leadership roles. It’s ironic that a woman actually raises a male to be that of a leader; however women didn’t get viewed the same as the male. In 1948 The Women’s Rights Movement brought upon red flags and women began to questions why they didn’t get the same educational as well as professional opportunities as males. Lots of women began to speak out because they were not going to tolerate the inequality against them any longer. There was definitely a change that took place which allowed women to have the same opportunities as males. One woman in particular by the name Meg Whitman really took advantage of this great opportunity. She’s the perfect example of what leadership is all about. Meg Whitman is the President and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard Co. She was born on August 4, 1956 in Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. Whitman definitely has her hands in a lot of different areas surrounding business. Her father worked on Wall Street while her mom enjoyed the amenities of being a stay at home mother. Growing up, Whitman was full of confidence and she bestowed a great sense of intelligence. In 1974 she graduated from high school in just three years. She then enrolled in Princeton University, and obtained a bachelor’s degree in economics. SheShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. 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In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexualRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National Woman

The Effect Of Telehealth On The Language And Communication...

Introduction Telehealth, also referred to as telepractice, is defined as â€Å"the application of telecommunications technology to the delivery of speech language pathology and audiology professional services at a distance by linking clinician to client/patient or clinician to clinician for assessment, intervention, and/or consultation† (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 1997). Healthcare personnel use telehealth practices to treat or assess disorders via technology, such as video or webcams, rather than treating patients face-to-face. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) may use this method to treat a variety of delays and disorders, including stuttering, apraxia, lisps, and others. This paper will explore the use of telehealth in treating the language and communication delays that accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism), specifically in children. Autism Spectrum Disorder is â€Å"a complex developmental disability, typically appearing during childhood and affecting a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others† (Autism Society, 2016). Autism is typically diagnosed in childhood and affects the individual into adulthood. Description of Childhood Autism Diagnoses of autism have increased rapidly over the last ten years, and continue to do so, making affordable and effective treatment for the developmental disorder crucial. Statistics report that â€Å"about 1% of the world is on the Autism Spectrum; prevalence in the US is about 1/68 births, prevalence

Imposed in ederly driver Free Essays

Should special conditions be imposed on elderly Victorian There have been four high-profile traffic accidents Involving older drivers In the past few days. As we known, Victorian Is the only Australia state which does not have compulsory testing of driving license held by older motorists. However, it does not mean that mandatory testing should be imposed on elderly driver in Victorian due to mandatory testing does not make the road safer, older drivers are more cautious and elderly driver promotes economics development. We will write a custom essay sample on Imposed in ederly driver or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, mandatory testing of older driver does not make the roads safer. Most of the states have the restrictions for elderly drivers except Victorian. For example, According to Australia government, In New South Wales drivers aged 75 and over must pass an annual medical examination or pass a practical driving test every second years. In Queensland, drivers over 75 must only drive with a medical certificate issued by a doctor. However, according to the Victoria, Vic had the lowest older driver crash rate per number of license Issued by comparing the crash rates of elder driver across the country which surprised audience about the statistic. The statistic shows audience older driver in Victoria without legal equipment did not increase the crashes rate however it is safer compare to the other states in Australia. Secondly, most of the drivers are more cautious and therefore there are safer than younger driver. Not only Judith Carlton writes that ‘older drivers actually aware of their own limitations’. For example, by choosing easy-to-manage driving environments or by choosing not to drive at night. T also professor Raphael Criticize from Transport and Road Safety unit at nun of news satisfying people just don’t have a perception of risk, in terms of driving skills, in terms of crashes. The media affect our decision. The contrast of two opinions is obvious that older driver are more careful than younger drivers. Thirdly, allowing driver to drive will promotes economic development. According to Victoria seniors over 70 had 10 percent of Victorian licenses In 2012 and worse still. Australian the proportio n of people over the age of 65 will increase from 11. Recent in 2001 to 24,2 percent in 2051 which means there are more elderly driver in the road. If special condition imposed on elderly Victorian motorists. Many elder drivers will be taken licenses away . Then, it is hard for them to go out and spending money on shopping centre coffee shops and so on because these are away from uptown which also prevent economic development. On the other side, society think of older people do not need cars to travel or to work, public transport is available for older driver. Even though Victoria has a extensive and safe public transport system. Older driver can not easily travel for routine travel to shop and for social reasons because number of run relatively little especially on the weekend, It runs every one hour and finishes earlier which means It is Last but not least, driving a car is right of older driver. Forbidden to drive due to the age is unfair. Should older drivers stay on the road will be a serious problem due to aging population. The government needs to work out a good way to help them driving safely. How to cite Imposed in ederly driver, Papers

Ethical Dilemma Of Michael Vasquez Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemma Of Michael Vasquez. Answer: Introduction Contemporary business organizations operate in intensely competitive market scenario. Thus, they have to involve various policies in order to gain competitive advantages in the market (Campbell, Coff and Kryscynski 2012). Involvement of the unethical principles in the business operation may have short term benefits for the business organizations, but it will have negative implications in the long term (Bello 2012). This report will discuss about the ethical dilemma being faced by Michael Vasquez in his organization (Weber 2001). His organization is being involved in unethical business practices in order gather confidential information of their competitors. Accordingly, this report will discuss about the ethical issue being faced by him with the help of various ethical theories. In addition, various aspects of ethics in organization will be discussed. Relevancy of ethics in the modern day business will also be evaluated. Identified ethical issue In the given case study, the ethical issue identified is the way or method of gathering the confidential information of the competitors. It is being stated in the case that, the boss of Michael Vasquez have gathered the confidential information by breaching in the intranet of the competitor organizations and downloaded (Weber 2001). Thus, this act is a criminal offence under the privacy act, 1988. According to this act, any types of breaching or hacking personal information for personal gain are illegal (Wright and De Hart 2012). According to the privacy act of Australia, breaching of privacy or having confidential data or information will attract penalty and imprisonment. Moreover, the information being gathered is not for public use as it is written confidential and thus having the access of this information is the serious breach of privacy and confidentiality and one of the prime examples of unethical business practice (Machanavajjhala and Reiter 2012). This is due to the reason t hat, according to the theory of normative ethics, anyone should not act similar to what they think others should not do. Thus, in this case, the boss of Michael Vasquez will not expect or welcome any similar breach of privacy in his organization or he will not accept if anyone got the access of his confidential data. He will not tolerate that any other competitor organizations of him are having the access of confidential data of his organization and gaining business advantages. In that case, he will obviously initiate legal actions against the offender. Hence, in this case, the competitors can also file legal complaints against the organization where Michael works. Thus, he should also not get involved in it and doing it similar to what he have done by being involved in unethical business practices. However, in this case, the boss of Michael Vaquez have involved in business practices, which he will not allow to do others in his organization and gave the rise of the unethical busines s issues. Probable counter actions: Theory of virtue Due to the involvement of unethical issues by his boss, Michael Vasquez is facing ethical dilemma regarding continuation of his job in the organization or not. For him, there are only two options left. One is to leave the organization and feel free from the ethical dilemmas and the other option is to follow his boss order for the good of his organization (Bright, Winn and Kanov 2014). To further elaborate these options, various theories of ethics will be used. According to the theory of virtue, there are good character traits and bad character traits. According to this theory, a person following ethics should always follow the good character traits such as courage, justice and self-respect. On the other hand, they should avoid bad character traits such as vanity, injustice and cowardice (Van Hooft 2014). Thus, in his case, if Michael Vasquez follows the theory of virtue, then he should go by his own personal character traits such as self-respect and courage and leave his job. This is due to the fact that, if he continues his job in this organization then he cannot value his self-respect. Thus, according to this theory of ethics, he should leave the job and maintain his good character traits. Theory of utilitarianism Another option being available to Michael Vasquez is to follow the order of his boss and continue with his job. In this case, the theory of utilitarianism can be used. According to this theory, if the outcome of certain act is positive and favorable then the action of performing the act should be treated as ethics and vice versa (Sheng 2012). Thus, if the outcome of any action provides pleasure more than pain, then it will be treated as ethical behavior. Thus, in this case, if Michael follows the order of his boss, then it will provide pleasure and positivity to the organization due to the fact that, it will help to gain undue advantages for the organization. Thus, according to the theory of Utilitarianism, due to the fact that the following the order by Michael will have benefits for the organization, thus it will be treated as ethical principles and he can continue with his job (Vaughn 2015). Behavior of Michaels boss The boss of Michael should be considered as unethical due to the reason that he involved unethical practices to gather confidential information of his competitors (Weber 2001). Thus, as discussed earlier the manner of gathering the confidential information is unethical according to the law. According to the theory of Kantian ethics, the principles behind the actions should be considered rather than the end result (ONeill 2013). Thus, in this case, though the end result of having the access to the confidential information will have positive impact on the organization, but the principles behind the action is unfair. This is due to the fact that, the unethical business practices being involved by the boss of Michael Vasquez due to gather confidential information of their competitors organizations is been considered as negative action according to the theory of Kantian ethics. Moreover, the outcome that will be gained by him due to the involvement of the unethical practices will be posit ive due to the reason it will help the organization to gain competitive advantages. Thus, the action of the boss of Michael is unethical according to the theory of Kantian ethics. In addition, according to the theory of duty, it is wrong for any individual to commit any crime or try to gain any undue advantages if it is against the rule of duty. Thus in this case, the duty of the boss is not to involve any unethical business practices even if it involves positive outcome. However, he have involves unethical practices for his gain and thus, according to this theory also, the behavior of the boss is unethical. Policy of whistle blowing Whistle blowing is the policy of individual stakeholder of the corporate organizations including present and ex employees who will reveal or expose the wrongdoings of their employer to the media or any regulatory authorities (Miceli, Near and Dworkin 2013). This policy is one of the main sources for the regulatory bodies to investigate the unethical policies being involved by the business organizations. Due to whistle blowing, Michael will lose his job due to the reason that his boss will be affected by his act and thus he will terminate him. Moreover, if Michael cannot prove his point in the court of law, then he may have to serve imprisonment and penalty due to false accusations. On the other hand, whistle blowing by Michael will adversely affect the organization (Robinson, Robertson and Curtis 2012). Motivation behind whistle blowing There are various reasons of motivation for the employees to become whistle blowers. The following sections will discuss about the various motivational factors of whistle blowing. The integrity and justice that the employees hold is one of the key reasons to opt for whistle blowing. According to this type of employees, they cannot tolerate the injustice or wrong doing in the organization, which caused blowing. These sorts of employees expect their organization will have positive take on the business scenario, regardless of that they opt for disclosing the wrong doings of the organization. Money also acts as motivation for the whistle blowers. In some cases, the award money for disclosing the wrong doings and compensation from the organization as penalty also prompts several employees to blow the whistle (Ayagre and Aidoo-Buameh 2014). Justification of whistle blowing There is a limit or boundary of the justification of the whistle blowing. Employees disclosing the wrong doings of their organization due to the reason that they wants to prevent the unethical practices is justified. However, on the other hand, disclosing confidential information just for reward or compensation or from any personal grudge will be the breach of privacy and will not be justified (Ayagre and Aidoo-Buameh 2014). Moreover, disclosing any confidential information of government regarding the national security is also not justified. Maybe government will involve unethical practices to gather the information but still it is for alls good. Thus, whistle blowing in this case will not be justified. Relevancy of ethics in business Ethics is relevant in business due to the reason that, it will help the organization to retain their employees. Practicing of unethical practices will de-motivate the employees to work in the organization. In this case, due to the involvement of unethical practices, employees like Michael are thinking of leaving the organization. Ethics helps in generating positive word of mouth. Employees will refer more candidates to work for the organization if the ethical principles can be followed (Crane and Matten 2016). Thus, the organization will more talent pool for selection and enhanced employer branding. In this case, employees like Michael are de-motivated in doing their job. Thus, they will not refer anyone to this organization. It will degrade the employer branding. Following ethical principles helps in preventing lawsuits and other issues. In this case, the access to the confidential information will disclose at any time. Thus, it will attract several legal issues for the organization. In addition, the business potentiality and reputation will get affected (Rushe 2017). Ethics helps in building effective teamwork and working environment in the organization. Employees will have positive impression and satisfaction in doing their job in their workplace. In this case, due to the involvement of the unethical practices, employees like Michael are having low morale. They will not able to work effectively in this environment, which will impact the organizational productivity (Crane and Matten 2016). Ethics will also help the upper levelmanagement to communicate their vision to their employees effectively in the organization. This is due to the reason that, if the leadership roles can be played ethically, then the employees will be more motivated to follow their leaders due to the reason that they will have positive impression about the upper level management. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, adhering to the ethical principles is one of the key measures for the business organizations to effectively operate in the market. The ethical issues identified in this case are the manner by which the confidential information is being gathered. Implications for this unethical practice have also been discussed. Concept of whistle blowing along with the implications are also been discussed. This report concludes, ethics is still relevant for the contemporary business organizations. Adhering to the ethical principles will help the organizations to have competitive edge in the market. References Ayagre, P. and Aidoo-Buameh, J., 2014. Whistleblower reward and systems implementation effects on whistleblowing in organisations. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research, 2(1), pp.80-90. Bello, S.M., 2012. Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11). Bright, D.S., Winn, B.A. and Kanov, J., 2014. Reconsidering virtue: Differences of perspective in virtue ethics and the positive social sciences. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(4), pp.445-460. Campbell, B.A., Coff, R. and Kryscynski, D., 2012. Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital. Academy ofManagement Review, 37(3), pp.376-395. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Machanavajjhala, A. and Reiter, J.P., 2012. Big privacy: protecting confidentiality in big data. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 19(1), pp.20-23. Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P. and Dworkin, T.M., 2013. Whistle-blowing in organizations. Psychology Press. O'Neill, O., 2013. Acting on principle: An essay on Kantian ethics. Cambridge University Press. Robinson, S.N., Robertson, J.C. and Curtis, M.B., 2012. The effects of contextual and wrongdoing attributes on organizational employees whistleblowing intentions following fraud. Journal of business ethics, 106(2), pp.213-227. Rushe, D. (2017). Raj Rajaratnam jailed for 11 years for insider trading. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/13/raj-rajaratnam-insider-trading-jailed [Accessed 19 Oct. 2017]. Sheng, C.L., 2012. A new approach to utilitarianism: A unified utilitarian theory and its application to distributive justice (Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Van Hooft, S., 2014. Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge. Vaughn, L., 2015. Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company. Weber, K., 2001. What Would You Do?: Gold Mine or Fools Gold?. Business Ethics: The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility, 15(1), pp.18-18. Wright, D. and De Hert, P., 2012. Introduction to privacy impact assessment. In Privacy Impact Assessment (pp. 3-32). Springer Netherlands.